monetary-policy

How fiscal policy (taxation, spending, deficits) and monetary policy (rates, balance sheet) act on the economy through different channels, how they interact, what the debt-sustainability condition r < g implies, and where fiscal dominance constrains the central bank.

The instruments a modern central bank uses to influence the economy — policy rate, open-market operations, reserve requirements, lender-of-last-resort facilities, quantitative easing, and forward guidance — and the transmission channels through which each affects inflation and employment.