physics

What it takes to fuse hydrogen isotopes — the four conditions (temperature, density, confinement time, energy gain), the three main approaches (magnetic, inertial, magnetized target), the engineering problems (tritium, neutrons, materials) that remain after the physics is in hand.

The handful of quantitative concepts that make every energy debate readable — joules and watts, energy density, capacity factor, levelized cost of energy, exergy — and what each one is good and bad at communicating.

The mathematical object behind a qubit — a complex unit vector in a two-dimensional Hilbert space — and why measurement collapses superposition. The structural difference between a quantum state and a classical bit, expressed in math.

What makes silicon work where diamond won't, why doping turns an insulator into a tunable conductor, and how slapping p-type silicon next to n-type creates the depletion region that becomes a diode. The physics every chip is built on.