Bias Detection and Fairness Testing

Fairness has several formal definitions that sound equally reasonable, and Chouldechova and Kleinberg proved you cannot satisfy them all at once. This cursus is the hands-on version. Separating the three meanings of bias, tracing the six points where disparity enters, and why removing a protected attribute hides the problem rather than fixing it. Then the metrics, the impossibility result, and choosing a criterion by asking which error harms the person more. Then running an audit that produces a documented, accepted trade-off rather than a claim to have removed bias.