arduino

Open-loop control is a guess; closed-loop control is a conversation. Learn why feedback transforms an unreliable robot into a reliable one, how the read-compute-actuate cycle works, what microcontrollers and single-board computers each do best, and why loop timing is just as critical as the algorithm running inside it.

Every robot motion — spinning a wheel, bending a joint, squeezing a gripper — starts with an actuator. Learn the key differences between DC, stepper, and servo motors; how gears trade speed for torque; how PWM lets a microcontroller dial motor power; and where hydraulics and pneumatics step in when electricity isn't enough.