closed-loop

Open-loop control is a guess; closed-loop control is a conversation. Learn why feedback transforms an unreliable robot into a reliable one, how the read-compute-actuate cycle works, what microcontrollers and single-board computers each do best, and why loop timing is just as critical as the algorithm running inside it.

Understand why feedback beats open-loop, how the classic closed-loop architecture works, and what the key performance metrics — rise time, overshoot, settling time, steady-state error — actually mean for a real system.