policy

With an inventory in place, governance becomes a question of who decides what. This lesson covers the AI policy and what actually belongs in it, acceptable-use rules people can follow, decision rights mapped with RACI, the approval gate a new system passes through, an AI risk register with risks specific to these systems, and escalation that works when something goes wrong at eleven at night.

Trade wars could happen constantly, yet for decades they mostly did not. The reason is a rulebook: the WTO, the most-favored-nation principle, and a web of trade agreements built to channel conflict into procedure instead of escalation. Learn how the system works, why non-tariff barriers often matter more than tariffs, and how trade disputes are meant to be settled.

If a tariff is mostly paid at home, why do governments impose them at all? Because tariffs do several jobs at once: raise revenue, shield domestic industries, build strategic capacity, and pressure other countries. Learn each rationale, the gains-from-trade logic they push against, and the real trade-off every tariff makes between concentrated benefits and spread-out costs.

The legal machinery of technology export controls, explained structurally: control lists and licensing, the Entity List, the Foreign Direct Product rule's extraterritorial reach, node thresholds, multilateral coordination, and the enforcement limits every control system carries.

How the US, Dutch, and Japanese export-control regimes for advanced semiconductors actually function — the legal instruments, the parameter thresholds in published regulations, the extraterritorial Foreign Direct Product Rule, and the licensing-and-enforcement mechanics.

Master the mathematical skeleton of reinforcement learning. Learn how the agent-environment loop formalizes decision-making, why the Markov property is the key assumption, and how Bellman expectation equations link policies to value functions.