lithography
3 free lessons tagged lithography across History, Science. Each one is a short sequence of focused steps with narration and a five-question quiz at the end — take them in any order, no signup required.
Lithography: the machine that prints the modern world
How chips are printed with light, why extreme ultraviolet lithography took three decades and a continent-wide supplier tree to build, and how one company's machines became the deepest technical moat, and sharpest policy lever, in the semiconductor chain.
Lithography as a choke point: DUV, EUV, and the R&D stack
Why chip resolution is bounded by light wavelength, how the industry moved from 193 nm DUV to 13.5 nm EUV, and what makes lithography one of the most concentrated single-vendor markets in modern manufacturing.
Chip fabrication: wafer to working device
How a near-perfect silicon ingot becomes a billion-transistor chip. The 600-step fab cycle, photolithography down to 13.5 nm EUV (vaporized tin droplets at 220,000 °C), ion implantation for doping, the truth behind '5 nm' node naming, and the chokepoint-heavy global supply chain.